![]() ![]() Table Table of additional characters and variations Tāʼ marbūṭah is regarded as a form of tā, the Arabic version of Urdu tē, But it is not pronounced as such, and when replaced with an Urdu letter in naturalised loan words it is usually replaced with Gol hē. Tāʼ marbūṭah is also sometimes considered the 40th letter of the Urdu alphabet, though it is rarely used except for in certain loan words from Arabic. The main use of hamzah in Urdu is to indicate a vowel cluster.Īdditional characters and variations Arabic Tāʼ marbūṭah ^ Hamzah: In Urdu, hamzah is silent in all its forms except for when it is used as hamzah-e-izafat.^ Sometimes choṭī hē is used to refer to hey but choṭī hē can also refer to the Arabic / Persian variant, a stylistic variation representing an equivalent letter, but Persian and Arabic usually use U+0647 whereas Urdu uses U+06C1 for gōl hey.^ Not present in dictionary order because it is not used at the beginning of words.When it is used in the middle of a word it is a diacritic U+0658, which is usually omitted (see below for further information on diacritic omission in Urdu). ^ The version shown on the left is U+06BA, which is used only at the end of words.^ a b c d No Urdu word begins with ں, ھ, ڑ, or ے.But the diacritic indicating which vowel is often omitted اردو like other short vowel diacritcs. ^ At the beginning of a word it can represent another vowel, holding a vowel diacritic that would normally be held by the consonant preceding the vowel, for examble اُردو "Urdu".The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated. While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. As an abjad, the Urdu script only shows consonants and long vowels short vowels can only be inferred by the consonants' relation to each other. The Urdu script is an abjad script derived from the modern Persian script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script. But the Nastaliq style in which Urdu is written uses more than three general forms for many letters, even in simple non-decorative documents. In the Arabic alphabet, and many others derived from it, letters are regarded as having two or three general forms each, based on their position in the word (though Arabic calligraphy can add a great deal of complexity). Nastaʿlīq is more cursive and flowing than its Naskh counterpart. It is the dominant style in Pakistan and many Urdu writers elsewhere in the world use it. After the Mughal conquest, Nastaʻliq became the preferred writing style for Urdu. The Nastaliq calligraphic writing style began as a Persian mixture of the Naskh and Ta'liq scripts. Urdu is written in the Nastaliq style ( Persian: نستعلیق Nastaʿlīq). Nastaliq Example showing Nastaliq's (Persian) proportion rules. Other than the Indian subcontinent, the Urdu script is also used by Pakistan's large diaspora, including in the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia and other places. Nowadays, nearly all Urdu newspapers, magazines, journals, and periodicals are composed on computers with Urdu software programs. There are efforts under way to develop more sophisticated and user-friendly Urdu support on computers and the internet. The Pakistani national newspaper Daily Jang was the first Urdu newspaper to use Nastaʿlīq computer-based composition. It is closely related to the development of the Nastaʻliq style of Perso-Arabic script.ĭespite the invention of the Urdu typewriter in 1911, Urdu newspapers continued to publish prints of handwritten scripts by calligraphers known as katibs or khush-navees until the late 1980s. The standard Urdu script is a modified version of the Perso-Arabic script and has its origins in 13th century Iran. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into the Latin alphabet (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The Urdu alphabet has up to 39 or 40 distinct letters with no distinct letter cases and is typically written in the calligraphic Nastaʿlīq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly written in the Naskh style. It also has status as one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic, used as a minority script in the country. ![]() It is the most widely used script in Pakistan being the official script for the national language, Urdu and several regional languages. It is a modification of the Persian script, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic script. The Urdu alphabet ( Urdu: اردو حروفِ تہجی, romanized: urdū harūf-e-tahajjī), is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. ![]()
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